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Animal Tissue – Types, Structure The animal cells are grouped together to form animal tissues. These tissues vary in their structure, function, and origin. The animal tissues are divided into epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Let us have a glimpse of each type of animal tissue in detail. Types of Animal Tissue Epithelial Tissue EpithelialContinue reading

1 Divisions of chemistry The five main branches of chemistry1. Organic chemistry2. Inorganic chemistry3. Analytical chemistry4. Physical chemistry5. Biochemistry 2 Laws of chemical combination 3 Dalton’s atomic theory According to Daltons atomic theory, all matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms. The postulates of this theoryContinue reading “Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry-Quick Revision”

1 Introduction of carbon and its compounds 1. Carbon is an element with atomic number 6 with symbol C.2. Carbon shows sp3 hybridization hence its valence is 4 and it is called tetravalent. 3. Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits, although it usually must be processed into a form suitable for commercial use.4. Three naturally occurringContinue reading “GOC-Quick Revision”

1 Problems of reproductive health in India 1. Over population2. Early marriage3. Health of mothers4. Deformities5. Maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR)6. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)7. Career 2 Population explosion 1. Population explosion refers to the rapid and dramatic rise in world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years.Continue reading “Reproductive Health-Quick Revision”

1 Mendel’s laws for inheritance of traits Mendel has put forth three laws governing inheritance:1. Law of dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed.2. Law of segregation of characters: The two members of a pair of factor separate during theContinue reading “Principles Of Inheritance And Variation-Quick Revision”

1 Nucleosome model 1. Woodcock stated that chromatin appears as a chromatin beads.2. These beads like structure were referred to as nucleosome.3. This nucleosome is composed of DNA and histone proteins.4. The central core is made up core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.5. Core particles are attached by linker DNA.6. Linker DNA is 80 bpContinue reading “MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE-QUICK REVISION”

1 Miller-Urey experiment 1. In the 1950’s, biochemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey, conducted an experiment.2. It demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere.3. It was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth and testedContinue reading “Evolution-Quick Revision”

1 Health 1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 2 Methods of transmission of disease Methods of transmission of diseases are as follows:1. Direct transmission – The spread of disease from one host to another host.2. Indirecttransmission – The spread of diseaseContinue reading “Human Health And Disease-Quick Revision”

1 Basics of animal husbandry 1. Animal husbandry is the process of breeding and rearing animals. it includes cattle farming, poultry farming, apiculture, sericulture, pisciculture etc.2. Cattle farming is the practice of rearing cattle by providing facilities for raising livestock.3. Poultry farming involves rearing domestic birds for obtaining commercial products like meat, eggs etc.4. ApicultureContinue reading “Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production-Quick Revision”

1 Conversion of milk into curd 1. Milk is converted into curd or yoghurt by the process of fermentation.2. In this process the lactose sugar present in the milk is converted into lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria.3. The acid thus produced by the bacteria curdle the milk. 2 Use of mcrobes in production ofContinue reading “Microbes In Human Welfare-Quick Revision”

1 Process of recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology involves the following stages:1. Isolation of genetic material2. Cutting of DNA at specific locations3. Amplification of gene of interest4. Preparation and insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell/organism5. Obtaining the foreign gene product 2 DNA isolation 1. DNA isolation is an extraction process of DNAContinue reading “Biotechnology : Principles And Processes-Quick Revision”

1 Application of biotechnology in agriculture There are three options to increase the food production. They are1. Agrochemical based agriculture2. Organic agriculture3. Genetically engineered crop based agriculture Other applications of biotechnology in agriculture are1. Cell and tissue culture2. Somatic hybrids3. Hybridisation through embryo rescue4. Anther and pollen culture5. Plant transformation 2 Gene therapy and itsContinue reading “Biotechnology And Its Applications-Quick Revision”

1 Birth rate / natality and death rate / mortality 1. Natality rate is defined as number of births per 1000 individuals per year. Thus, a natality rate of 10.0 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 10 births per year in that entire population, or 0.1% out of the total.  2. Mortality rateContinue reading “Organisms And Populations-Quick Revision”

1 Lindeman 10% law 2 Stratification 3 Standing crop 4 Pioneer Species 1. Species that are first to invade a barren area are called pioneer species.2. In primary succession, lichens invade the rocks which results into weathering of rocks and soil formation, leading to the growth of small plants like bryophytes. 5 Primary productivity 1.Continue reading “Ecosystem-Quick Revision”

1 Genetic diversity 2 Species diversity 3 Ecological diversity 5 Importance of species diversity to ecosystem Attributes of a stable community-1. It shall not show too much of variations in the year-to-year productivity.2. It must be either resistant or resilient to seasonal disturbances.3. It must be resistant also to alien species.Feature of David Tilman’s ecologyContinue reading “Biodiversity And Conservation-Quick Revision”

1 Causes of air pollution The main causes of air pollution are as follows:(a) Exhaust from Automobiles: Most of the automobiles use fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas even at low concentrations.(b) Exhaust from Factories and PowerContinue reading “Environmental Issues-Quick Revision”

1 Diagrammatic representation of hormones produced in Human body Diagrammatic representation of the various endocrine hormones produced by the glands and tissues in a human body. 2 Hormones in animals Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.e.g. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta-cells of theContinue reading “Chemical Control And Integration-Quick Revision”

1 Nerve cell The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It consists of three parts-1. Dendrites: Dendrites are branched cytoplasmic projections from the cell body. The dendritic tip of the nerve cells receive impulses and sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse which is further transmitted to the cellContinue reading “Neural Control And Coordination-Quick Revision”

1 Cellular movement The cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movement such as:- 1. Amoeboid movement- Some special cells such as macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. During this movement, microfilament is involved.2. Ciliary movement- Organs which are lined by ciliated epithelium exhibits such type of movement e.g., respiratoryContinue reading “Locomotion And Movement-Quick Revision”